Energy and Flavors- warming, pungent, acrid, sweetish
Parts Used- fruit, seeds, leaves
Parts of Body- digestive, respiratory, circulatory, urinary, and nervous systems, with the stomach, intestines, lungs, kidneys, blood, and mucous membranes
Conditions- allergies, asthma, bleeding disorders (blood thinner), breathing difficulty, coughing, dermatitis, diarrhea, headaches, hematuria, hives, hoarseness, hypertension, eye irritation, IBD (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastritis, GERD, and heartburn, kidney irritation, nausea, neuropathic sensitivity, peptic ulcers, seizures, sneezing, throat irritation, vomiting
Curative Properties- Curative Properties- analgesic, anticancer, anticholesterolemic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiplatelets,antipyretic, bioavailability enhancer, blood sugar regulator, decongestant, digestive stimulant, enzyme inhibitory, expectorant, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective
Biochemical Properties- essential oils, flavonoids, lignans, phenolics, phenylpropanoids, polysaccharides (PN‑Ib, PN‑IIa), piperine
Cautions- avoiding large doses during pregnancy, digestive irritation, avoid 2 weeks before surgeries, multiple drug interactions specifically by affecting CYP enzymes and P‑glycoprotein transporters, respiratory irritation in children
